UPSC

CAUSES AND ORIGIN 1.       JAINISM AND BUDDHISM - HETERODOX SECTS 2.         PROMINENT REASONS WERE: ●      RIGID VARNA SYSTEM ●      PRIESTLY CLASS DOMINATION (ALL PRIVILEGES) - KSHATRIYA REACTION ●      NEW AGRICULTURE ECONOMY IN EASTERN INDIA….. IRON PLOUGHSHARE BY BULLOCKS (BRAHMANISM ENTAILED TO LARGE   SCALE CATTLE SACRIFICE) ●      FLOURISHING TRADE - PROMINENCE OF VAISHYA CASTE - SOUGHT A RELIGION TO EVALUATE SOCIAL STATUS ●      BRAHMINICAL DHARMASUTRAS DENIGRATED LENDING @ INTEREST(AGAINST TRADE) BUDDHISM ORIGIN BUDDHISM STARTED IN INDIA OVER 2,600 YEARS AGO AS A WAY LIFE THAT HAD A POTENTIAL OF TRANSFORMING A BELIEVING PERSON. IT IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT RELIGIONS OF SOUTH AND SOUTH-EASTERN ASIAN COUNTRIES. THE RELIGION IS BASED UPON THE TEACHINGS, LIFE EXPERIENCES OF ITS FOUNDER SIDDHARTHA GAUTAM, BORN IN CIRCA 563 BCE. HE WAS BORN INTO ROYAL FAMILY OF SAKYA CLAN WHO RULED FROM KAPILVASTU, IN LUMBINI WHICH IS SITUATED NEAR THE INDO-NEPAL BORDER. AT THE AGE OF

  AFTER VEDIC CIVILIZATION (AFTER 600 BC)     1.     CIRCA 600 B.C ON WARDS   2.     IT’S THE   IRON AGE, THE MAHAJANAPADAS AND THE AGE OF BUDDHA   3.     IRON ( FROM   LATER VEDIC AND AFTER ) : FARMING TOOLS AND WAR TOOLS SURPLUS TO SUPPORT WARRIORS AND PEOPLE.   4.     SURPLUS : LEISURE TIME AND COINS - ARTISANS AND TRADES - URBANIZATION   5.     LARGE TERRITORIES, PEOPLE OWED ALLEGIANCE TO JANAPAD RATHER THAN JANA   (MID - GANGETIC PLAINS)    

VEDIC CIVILIZATION   1.      INDO-ARYAN MIGRATION TO VEDIC CIVILIZATION. 2.      VEDIC-CIVILIZATION .   ●        EARLY VEDIC PERIOD(1500BC TO 1000 BC). ●      POLITICAL STRUCTURE. ●      SOCIAL STRUCTURE. ●      ECONOMIC STRUCTURE. ●      RELIGION.       ➔     LATER VEDIC PERIOD (1000BC TO 600BC)     ➔        POLITICAL STRUCTURE   ➔       SOCIAL STRUCTURE   ➔       ECONOMIC STRUCTURE   ➔       RELIGION   3 .VEDIC LITERATURE.       ●      INDO-ARYAN MIGRATION TO VEDIC CIVILIZATION.     1.       The Aryans were a semi-nomadic pastoral people. 2.       The original homeland of the Aryans is a matter of debate with different experts   suggesting different regions from where they originated. 3.       Some say they came from the area around the Caspian Sea in Central Asia (Max   Muller), while others think they originated from the Russian Steppes. Bal Gangadhar   Tilak was of the opinion that the Aryans came from